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Conditioned reinforcers do not serve to reinforce responses prior to conditioning.

They are usually biological in nature, and satisfy physiological needs. Their reinforcing properties are not learned.

Primary reinforcers naturally reinforce an organism. Reinforcers can also be further classified as primary and conditional. Giving a child candy for cleaning his or her room is an example of a positive reinforcer. A positive reinforcer is a stimulus which increases the frequency or likelihood of a response when its presentation is made contingent upon that response. Assuming that the sound is unpleasant, turning it off, or removing its sound, serves to reinforce getting out of bed. The sound of an alarm clock is an example of a negative reinforcer. Negative reinforcers can range from uncomfortable physical sensations or interpersonal situations to actions causing severe physical distress. Reinforcement is usually divided into two types: negative and positive.Ī negative reinforcer is a stimulus that when removed after a response, will increase the frequency or likelihood of that response. The term is also applied to refer to an underlying process that leads to reinforcement or to the actual act of reinforcement, but many psychologists discourage such a broad application of the term. Reinforcement is a term used to refer to the procedure of removing or presenting stimuli (reinforcers) to maintain or increase the frequency or likelihood of a response.